History of the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic, Korean and Japanese languages. Altaic languages
The so-called Altaic hypothesis in the narrow version assumes a common origin for the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic languages, and in the wide version Korean and Japanese are added to them. Together, these languages are called Altaic or Trans-Eurasian.
In general, most experts agree that the lexical similarities between the core Altaic languages, namely Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus-Manchu, are too numerous to be accidental, but the proposed historical scenarios vary. Some scientists favor a common origin, while others favor prehistoric contacts. The same arguments apply to the relationship between Korean and Japanese, while their hypothetical connections to Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus are less obvious and actually raise the question of potential coincidental similarities. An alternative would be a complex but more realistic hybrid scenario in which the original deep genealogical relationships between Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu, Korean and Japanese may later be blurred or obscured by contacts of varying intensity and duration between already separated branches.
Recent estimates show that even if many of the common elements of these languages are indeed due to loanwords, there is nevertheless plenty of solid evidence for their common origin.
However, the adoption of this classification raises new questions about the time, place, cultural identity and routes of settlement of people who speak trans-Eurasian languages.
In the new work, the authors dispute the traditional "pastoral hypothesis", which connects the primary spread of the Trans-Eurasian languages with the expansion of nomads that began in the eastern steppe 4 thousand years ago. Instead, they point to a connection between the spread of Trans-Eurasian languages by agricultural communities. Since these problems go far beyond linguistics, the authors also use archaeological and genetic data to solve them.
#science #linguistics #archaeology #history #genetics
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Sources:
1. Robbeets, M., Bouckaert, R., Conte, M. et al. Triangulation supports the agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. Nature 599, 616–621 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04...
2. Permutation test applied to lexical reconstructions partially supports the Altaic linguistic macrofamily
Kassian Alexei S., Starostin George, Egorov Ilya M., Logunova Ekaterina S., Dybo Anna V. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2021.28
Auxiliary materials:
Stevens, C.J., Shelach-Lavi, G., Zhang, H. et al. A model for the domestication of Panicum miliaceum (common, proso or broomcorn millet) in China. Veget Hist Archaeobot 30, 21–33 (2021). doi.org/10.1007/s00334-020-00804-z
Content:
00:00 Entry
02:22 Linguistics
07:01 Archeology
10:20 Genetics
14:38 Conclusions
Illustrations:
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=(list number)
Kanguole - usingCoastline and lakes from Natural Earth 1:10m Physical VectorsBorders from Natural Earth 1:10m Cultural VectorsContours derived from 2-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2) v2, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, using gdal_contour (from GDAL).Language areas from: Central Intelligence Agency (1970). Indochina Ethnolinguistic Groups. Central Intelligence Agency (1972). Burma - Ethnolinguistic Groups. Central Intelligence Agency (1974). Ethnic Groups From Thailand.Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012) Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume, Beijing: The Commercial Press ISBN: 978-7-100-07054-6. Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978 ) A Historical Atlas of South Asia, p. 100 ISBN: 0-19-506869-6. Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987) Language Atlas of China, Longman ISBN: 978-962-359-085-3., CC BY-SA 4.0, 112230943
Pekachu - 62050098
Fobos92 - 29750730
inazakira - flickr.com/photos/inazakira/17499038065/, 79770125
G41rn8 - 54800595
National Museum of Korea - museum.go.kr/site/main/relic/search/view?relicId=4497, KOGL Type 1, 45031037
Ismoon (talk) 21:34, 5 June 2018 (UTC) - CC BY-SA 4.0, 69731521, 69808334
Prof. Gary Lee Todd - 66138486
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