The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was a military campaign by European Christian leaders to reclaim Jerusalem after its capture by Saladin, the Muslim leader, in 1187. Key figures included King Richard I of England, King Philip II of France, and Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire. The Crusade witnessed notable battles such as the Siege of Acre and the Battle of Arsuf, where Richard's forces achieved significant victories. However, despite these successes, the Crusaders failed to recapture Jerusalem. The conflict concluded with a treaty allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem while leaving it under Muslim control. The Third Crusade highlighted the strategic and diplomatic tensions between Christian and Muslim powers and shaped the ongoing conflict over the Holy Land.
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