The Struggle for Scottish Independence
The Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1357) were a series of conflicts between Scotland and England, driven by Scotland's desire for sovereignty and independence. The wars began in 1296 when Edward I of England invaded Scotland, claiming sovereignty over the Scottish kingdom. Key figures in the struggle included William Wallace, who led a major revolt and won the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, and Robert the Bruce, who secured Scottish independence with his victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Despite these successes, the conflict continued intermittently, with periods of peace and renewed hostilities. The wars officially ended with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328, which recognized Scotland's independence, though the English did not fully relinquish their claims until the Treaty of Berwick in 1357. The struggle profoundly impacted Scottish national identity and sovereignty.
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