Mongol invasion of Java (1293) | How Indonesians DEFENDED AGAINST the Mongols
Mongol invasion of Java (1293) | How Indonesians DEFENDED AGAINST the Mongols
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Mongol invasion of Java (1293) | How Indonesians DEFENDED AGAINST the Mongols. Mongolia and Indonesia are two countries that are really far apart, both in distance and culture. However, back in the late 13th century, the Mongols decided to launch an expedition all the way to Java, a key island in modern-day Indonesia. You might wonder, "What could possibly motivate the Mongols to travel across seas to attack an island that they had no prior conflict with?"
Mongol invasion of Java (1293) | How Indonesians DEFENDED AGAINST the Mongols. The root of this goes back to how the Chinese saw themselves. China had a very strong sense of cultural superiority, so much so that they referred to themselves as the "Middle Kingdom," believing they were the center of the civilized world. Everyone outside of China was considered a barbarian, unworthy of equal standing. This worldview influenced how Chinese dynasties dealt with other nations. Instead of forming equal relationships, China often imposed a tributary system, where neighboring states had to acknowledge China's dominance by paying tribute.
Thanks to its massive economic and military power, China could enforce this tributary system, extracting tributes from nations far and wide. Meanwhile, in Southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago that includes Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines nowadays., or what was traditionally called "Nusantara," was home to a different kind of civilization. The people here, known as Austronesians, became expert sailors because their region consisted of thousands of islands, making sea travel essential.
Mongol invasion of Java (1293) | How Indonesians DEFENDED AGAINST the Mongols. Not only that, but the Malay Archipelago sat at a crucial point between India and China, making it a perfect hub for trade. The Austronesians thrived as middlemen, facilitating trade between these two ancient economic giants. But what really made this region rich was its control over the spice trade. Spices like nutmeg, cloves, and pepper were extremely valuable in the pre-industrial world, similar to how crude oil is today. These spices were prized across Asia, the Middle East, and Europe for their ability to enhance food flavors, and kingdoms that controlled the spice trade became incredibly wealthy and powerful. So there were lots of rich kingdoms came and went in the malay archipelago,
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