Baby's Development in Month 1 of Pregnancy | Pre-embryonic Growth and Development
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The first month of pregnancy covers weeks 1 to 4. Details of the baby's growth and development during each of these weeks appear below.
Weeks 1 and 2
Pregnancy is measured using “gestational age.” Gestational age starts on the first day of one's last menstrual period (LMP) since it is difficult to tell the exact day of conception [1]. At one or two weeks pregnant, an individual has not yet conceived.
Ovulation occurs starting in week three of pregnancy. If a sperm fertilizes the egg, then pregnancy occurs. From the time of fertilization, a human pregnancy generally lasts 266 days which is 38 weeks or 8.75 months [1].
Week 3
At three weeks of pregnancy, the sperm and egg have joined in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg is now known as a zygote [1]. As the cells within the zygote start dividing, it becomes a mass known as a morula [1].
About four days after fertilization, the morula enters the uterus and develops into a blastocyst [1,2]. The inner cells of the blastocyst will develop into the baby, and the outer layer will develop into the yolk sac and placenta [2].
By the end of this week, the blastocyst will start to implant into the uterine endometrium (uterine lining). This process is called implantation and is successful 25–50% of the time [3]. If a blastocyst does not implant, one’s body will shed it during menstruation. If a blastocyst does implant, one’s menstrual cycles will temporarily cease.
When implantation occurs outside of the uterus, it is called an ectopic pregnancy. One in 50 pregnancies is ectopic, and most of these ectopic pregnancies (95%) are tubal pregnancies [4,5]. A tubal pregnancy occurs in the fallopian tubes rather than in the uterus.
Week 4
At four weeks of pregnancy, the blastocyst has embedded in the uterine endometrium (uterine lining) [1]. Shortly after implantation, the blastocyst starts developing into an embryo [3]. The baby is considered an embryo until eleven weeks of pregnancy.
The blastocyst cells form layers that are developing into the embryo, yolk sac, and the future amniotic sac and placenta [3]. The yolk sac will temporarily nourish the embryo until the placenta develops. Despite the yolk sac’s name, human yolk sacs contain no yolk [1]!
This growth marks the beginning of the baby’s development and leads to the production of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) [2].
Home pregnancy tests use hCG, which is excreted in one's urine, to detect pregnancy. These tests may be able to detect a pregnancy at four weeks. For most people, the first sign of pregnancy is a missed period.
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References:
1. Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016.
2. Harms R, Wick M, editors. Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy. Boston: Da Capo Press; 2011.
3. Betts JG, Young KA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse DH, et al. 28.2 Embryonic Development. Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax; 2013.
4. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY, editors. Ectopic Pregnancy. 24th ed. Williams Obstetrics. 24th ed. Mc Graw Hill; 2013.
5. Tenore JL. Ectopic pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61: 1080–1088.
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Produced and written by: Samantha Lattof, PhD MSc
Medically reviewed by: Ayodeji Olelakan Abere, MD MBA MHA
Animation by: SciePro / Pond5
Music from: Envato Elements
Narration by: Ava / Wellsaid
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