How to use I/O Redirection & Piping in Linux?
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Linux I/O Redirection:
Redirection can be defined as changing the way from where the command(s) read input to where commands send output. You can redirect the input and output of any command.
For redirection, the metacharacters are used. Redirection can be used in a file (shell metacharacters are angle brackets ) or any program ( shell metacharacters are pipe symbol '|').
Standard streams in I/O Redirection:
standard input (stdin): The stdin stream is numbered as the stdin (0). The bash shell takes input(s) from stdin. By default, the keyboard is used as the input.
standard output (stdout): The stdout stream is numbered as the stdout (1). The bash shell sends the output to stdout. Output goes to the display.
the standard error (stderr): The stderr stream is numbered as the stderr (2). The bash shell sends out the error message to stderr. Error message goes to the display.
Piping in Linux:
A pipe is a form of the redirection (transfer of standard output to some other destination) that is used in the Linux and other Unix-like operating systems (OS) to send the output of one command/program/process to the other command/program/process for the further processing. The Unix/Linux systems allow the stdout of a command to be connected to the stdin of another command. You can make it do so by using the pipe character ‘|’ in a single command.
The pipe is used to combine two or more command(s), and in this, the output of one command acts as the input to another command, and this command’s output may act as the input to the next command and so on. It can also be visualized as a temporary connection between the two or more commands/ programs/ processes. The command-line programs that do further processing are referred to as the filters.
Redirection & Piping:
redirection used stdin, stderr, and stdout to work with the command input and output in a flexible way
in piping, the stdout of the first command is used as stdin of the second command
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