Dhimmi | Wikipedia audio article
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Dhimmi
00:01:48 1 The "dhimma contract"
00:05:45 1.1 The dhimma contract and sharia law
00:07:48 1.2 The end of the dhimma contract
00:08:56 1.3 Views of modern Islamic scholars on the status of non-Muslims in an Islamic society
00:13:36 2 Dhimmi communities
00:17:01 2.1 Christians
00:19:37 2.2 Jews
00:22:20 2.3 Hindus and Buddhists
00:24:01 3 Restrictions
00:25:51 3.1 Jizya tax
00:29:09 3.2 Administration of law
00:30:55 4 Relevant texts
00:31:04 4.1 Quranic verses as a basis for Islamic policies toward dhimmis
00:32:00 4.2 Hadith
00:33:05 4.3 Constitution of Medina
00:34:22 4.4 Pact of Umar
00:35:28 5 Cultural interactions and cultural differences
00:36:36 6 In modern times
00:38:18 7 See also
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SUMMARY
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A dhimmī (Arabic: ذمي ḏimmī, IPA: [ˈðɪmmiː], collectively أهل الذمة ahl ul-ḏimmah/dhimmah "the people of the dhimma") is a historical term referring to non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. The word literally means "protected person", referring to the state's obligation under sharia to protect the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion, in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the jizya tax, which complemented the zakat, or alms, paid by the Muslim subjects. Dhimmis were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain privileges and freedoms reserved for Muslims, but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation.Under sharia, the dhimmi communities were usually subjected to their own special laws, and exempt from some laws applicable to the Muslim community. For example, the Jewish community in Medina was allowed to have its own Halakhic courts, and the Ottoman millet system allowed its various dhimmi communities to rule themselves under separate legal courts. These courts did not cover cases that involved religious groups outside of their own community, or capital offences. Dhimmi communities were also allowed to engage in certain practices that were usually forbidden for the Muslim community, such as the consumption of alcohol and pork.Historically, dhimmi status was originally applied to Jews, Christians, and Sabians. This status later also came to be applied to Zoroastrians, Hindus, Jains and Buddhists.Moderate Muslims generally reject the dhimma system as inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies. There is a range of opinions among 20th century and contemporary theologians about whether the notion of dhimma is appropriate for modern times, and, if so, what form it should take in an Islamic state.
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