Buffon's needle problem to estimate pi, explained
In this video, we explore Buffon's Needle problem, a fun exercise that blends probability, geometry, and calculus. Our focus is on estimating the value of pi using the concept of the average value of a function. We begin by explaining the problem, initially posed by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, which involves dropping needles onto a floor marked with parallel lines and determining the probability that a needle will cross one of the lines. This probability, as we demonstrate, is linked to the value of pi.
We simplify the experiment by considering all needles as if they fell between a single pair of lines, reducing our problem's complexity. We then introduce a unique approach by "throwing" the lines at a stationary needle rather than the traditional method of dropping needles. This simplification allows us to focus solely on the needle's rotation angle, eliminating the need to consider its vertical position.
Our calculation begins with the assumption that the needle's length L is less than or equal to the distance between the lines D, leading us to express the probability of a line crossing the needle in terms of L, D, and the sine of the needle's angle to the horizontal (angle theta). We calculate the average value of this probability function across all possible angles, utilizing basic single variable calculus.
We extend our discussion to a second case where the needle's length exceeds the distance between the lines to create a piecewise-defined probability function.
We illustrate our theoretical findings with MATLAB simulations, showcasing how these experiments can approximate pi.
#mathematics #math #Probability #Calculus #Geometry #piapproximation #matlabsimulation
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