Asthma : Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Diagnosis and Treatment
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Asthma : Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Diagnosis and Treatment
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or early morning. 🌬️ Etiology: Asthma is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition and environmental triggers like allergens (dust mites, pollen), infections, air pollutants, and exercise. 🦠 Pathogenesis: Asthma results from airway hyperresponsiveness due to inflammatory mediators like histamines, leukotrienes, and cytokines, leading to bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling. 🚶♂️ Clinical Features: Patients often present with episodic symptoms, including wheezing, dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness that vary in intensity and frequency. 🩺 Diagnosis: Diagnosed by pulmonary function tests (PFTs), demonstrating reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchoprovocation tests. 🧪 Treatment: Management includes avoiding triggers, pharmacotherapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), leukotriene modifiers, and short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) for quick relief. Severe cases may require systemic corticosteroids and biologics like anti-IgE or IL-5 inhibitors. Consistent monitoring and patient education are crucial for optimal control. 🏥
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