Indus Valley Civilisation - the myths and reality of Mohenjo-daro and others.
The civilization of the Indus Valley (the Indian or Harappan civilization) is one of the three early civilizations of the Old World, along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, which existed in the Bronze Age from 3300 to 1300. BC.
Content:
1. Introduction 2:53
2. Cities 5:31
3. Economy 8:06
3.1 Farming 8:22
3.2 Production 9:29
3.2.1 Copper Bronze Metallurgy 12:07
3.2.2 Sinks 16:50
3.2.3 Stone 17:25
3.3 Trading 18:57
3.4 Fuel 22:27
4. Religion 24:35
5. Burials 26:59
6. Politics 29:31
7. Language 30:40
8. Genetics 32:40
9. The Fall of Civilization 34:36
10. The contribution of the Harappan civilization
to world history 38:34
11. Myths and falsifications 42:38
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In general, the culture of the Indus Valley cannot be regarded as homogeneous, since cultural characteristics are different and include different periods:
early - between 3500-2500 BC.;
mature or peak of development - between 2500-2000 BC.;
and late - about 2000-1700. BC.
(from 1900 BC trade decline and depopulation of cities)
These periods are also divided into smaller ones, but in order to avoid confusion and oversupply of information, I will adhere to the main divisions.
The construction of cities begins, approximately from 2600 BC, with the unification of urban settlements, the use of writing, weights, civil planning and characteristic ceramic products. There are such major urban centers as Harappa, in whose honor civilization is named, Mohenjo-Daro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Dholavir, Ganerival, Rakhigarchs, etc.
#science #India #archeology #civilization #history #Pakistan #Harappa
Additional materials:
Shinde VS, Kim YJ, Woo EJ, Jadhav N, Waghmare P, Yadav Y, et al. (2018) Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India. PLoS ONE: e0192299. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192299
Lancelotti (2018) 'Not all that burns is wood'. During the Indus urban period (2600-1900 BC). PLoS ONE 13 (3): e0192364. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192364
Giosan, L., Orsi, WD, Coolen, M., Wuchter, C., Dunlea, AG, Thirumalai, K., Munoz, SE, Clift, PD, Donnelly, JP, Galy, V., and Fuller, DQ: Neoglacial climate anomalies and the Harappan metamorphosis, Clim. Past, 14, 1669-1686, doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1669-2018, 2018.
Robbins Schug G, Blevins KE, Cox B, Gray K, Mushrif-Tripathy V (2013) Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Indus Civilization. PLoS ONE 8 (12): e84814. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
Disabled by Yolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup
Sakshi Singh, Ashish Singh, Raja Rajkumar, Katakam Sampath Kumar ...
Intensified summer of indus civilization in northwest India
Altered cropping pattern and cultural continuation with prosperity at 4,200 yrs BP: Evidence from an Indus archaeological site Khirsara, Gujarat, western India. PLoS ONE 12 (10): e0185684. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185684
Adaptation to Variable Environments, Resilience to Climate Change: Indus Northwest India
Cameron A. Petrie, Ravindra N. Singh, Jennifer Bates, Yama Dixit, Charly A. I. French, David A. Hodell, Penelope journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/690112
Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilization urban settlements
Ajit Singh, Kristina J. Thomsen, Rajiv Sinha, Jan-Pieter Buylaert ... doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9
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