Are the Xiongnu the descendants of the Scythians and the ancestors of the Huns, Avars, Magyars?
In addition to the Xiongnu, the issue will also mention the Scythians, Avars, Magyars, as well as other Turkic peoples. The Xiongnu are an association of nomadic pastoralist tribes and not only that founded the first steppe empire in Inner Asia. From the 3rd century BC e. and up to the 2nd century A.D. e. they ruled a territory stretching at their peak from Lake Baikal in the north to the Gobi Desert in the south and from Western Manchuria in the east to the Pamirs in the West. And their difficult relationship with the neighboring Han Empire led to the construction of the Great Wall of China in response to the Xiongnu raids. But there were also periods of trade relations, gifts, tributes, and arranged marriages, which were part of the "harmonious relationship" policy adopted by the Han Empire. However, around 130 BC. e. the Chinese began to pursue a more aggressive policy, which led to the decline of the Xiongnu dynasty, which disappeared from Chinese records after the 2nd century AD. e.Since the Xiongnu left no written sources, most of the available information about their way of life, social, economic and political systems, as well as military practices, is contained in Chinese historical texts. At the same time, due to the geographical position of the border with China, more information is available about the Xiongnu from the southern regions. Although archaeological excavations were another important source of data, some key aspects of the Xiongnu culture are still unclear, namely their biological structure, ethnic or linguistic identity, and their relationship with other Iron Age nomads. The term "Xiongnu" denoted both a people and a political entity, but it is unclear whether it can be attributed to an ethnic group, biological population, archaeological culture, or, more likely, to some combination of these.The results of physical and anthropological studies, and especially comparative craniofacial analysis, revealed a complex population structure of the population of the Xiongnu Empire, mainly as a mixture between Caucasian and Mongoloid ethnic groups, despite the predominant Mongoloid appearance. A genetic analysis of skeletal remains found in burials of the Xiongnu era also revealed features characteristic of East Asian populations, with an admixture of West Eurasian ones.Simply put, the Xiongnu is a union of various tribes inhabiting vast territories of the future empire, and these people spoke different languages and represented the ancestors of various modern ethnic groups. For example, representatives of the Xiongnu from Western and Central Mongolia, according to physical anthropology, are close to the cultures of the Turkic circle, and Eastern Mongolia to the Xianbi and Xiongnu of Transbaikalia.
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https://www.patreon.com/user/overview... -------------------------------------------------- ---Source: Keyser, C., Zvénigorosky, V., Gonzalez, A. et al. Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia. Hum Genet (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-020-02... Introduction07:54 Family ties09:08 Y-chromosome haplogroups and comparison of haplotypes13:46 mtDNA haplogroups and haplotype comparison17:59 Phenotypic analysis of family members20:10 ResultsUsed materials:Craniofacial variation of the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia reveals their possible origins and population historyRyan W. Schmidt, Noriko Seguchi doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.035Neparáczki, E., Maróti, Z., Kalmár, T. et al. Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin. Sci Rep 9, 16569 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53... (number from the list)Arkady Zarubin - CC BY-SA 3.0, 20257743Ljuba brank - CC BY-SA 4.0, 34903397Arabsalam - CC BY-SA 4.0, 35330629Enzoklop (Original Image) Dmitry Dzhagarov (Russian translation) - Polymerase chain reaction.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, 47023724Alex Ang, CC BY-SA 3.0, 53709935Sibay museums - CC BY-SA 4.0, 56649726Anastasia Zlobina - CC BY-SA 4.0, 71333286Miguel Hermoso Cuesta - CC BY-SA 4.0, 40070552Alfons Åberg - CC BY-SA 3.0, 17781795Cristiano Brandolini - CC BY-SA 3.0, 35787627EvgenyGenkin - CC 2.5, 3449994, 3449995, 3449993Tylwyth Eldar - CC BY-SA 4.0, 77089478Jozefsu - CC BY-SA 4.0, 54649615EdmundSquirrel - CC BY-SA 3.0, 46933324三 猎 - CC BY-SA 4.0, 46378517Sergelentuguldur - CC BY-SA 4.0, 39290460Sholzhenitzyn - CC BY-SA 4.0, 78156240, 78163183I, PHGCOM, CC BY-SA 3.0, 2270639, 2270599, 2270747, 2270257
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