Meningitis and the public health actions that can be taken to prevent it.
Meningitis is a potentially severe illness that involves inflammation of the protective membranes, known as meninges, covering the brain and spinal cord. This condition can be caused by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Its onset is often rapid and may present with symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and altered consciousness. If not treated promptly, meningitis can lead to severe complications including neurological damage and death.
The most common bacterial causes of meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes, although various other bacteria can also be responsible. Viral meningitis, generally less severe, is most often caused by enteroviruses, but can also be due to other viruses like herpes simplex virus or the mumps virus. Fungal meningitis is less common and typically affects people with weakened immune systems. Treatment for meningitis is determined by the causative organism: bacterial infections require urgent antibiotic treatment, while viral cases are usually managed with supportive care. Antifungal drugs are used for fungal meningitis. Preventive measures include immunizations against common causative bacteria and viruses, and prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts of individuals with certain types of bacterial meningitis.
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