The Rise and Fall of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire started in modern-day Mongolia, under the leadership of Temüjin. At age 9 he lost access to his father's crown and vowed to regain his family's position within the Mongol People.
When Temüjin was 40 years old he got his revenge and was crown The Great Khan, or Genghis Khan.
From there he expanded his empire into Central Asia, Siberia, and China. He created a system where people were promoted based on competence, instead of personal connections. This made his Mongol Government far more effective than those of other countries at the time. At the same tie his armies were on horseback and could outrun almost any enemy.
His son Ögedei Khan succeeded him and continued the Mongol's conquests into Eastern Europe, Iran, the Middle East, and China.
After his death Güyük Khan began consolidating the empire and his successor Mongke began the centralisation of Mongol power.
The Mongol ruler focussed on conquering China. And those Mongols living in China slowly integrated into the Chinese population and remained itself the Yuan Dynasty. With the focus on China the other Mongols declared independence and in 1266 the Mongol Empire became 4 countries: Mongol Ulus, The Golden Horde, The Chagatai, and the Ilkhanate.
The Yuan Dynasty was eventually defeated because they were seen as foreign invaders who took more from the people than they were offering them. And were faced with a large uprising. And the Yuan Dynasty retreated back to Mongolia.
The Golden Horde conquered most of Eastern Europe, from Poland and Hungary all the way to modern-day Russia. Europe wasn't a prize worth taking for them and as a result the Mongols were stuck in Eastern Europe fighting amongst each other, until the Russians defeated them.
The Ilkhanate did not have enough grassland in Iran and the Middle East, which limited their power. As a result the Arabs, Persian, and Byzantines were able to defeat this Mongol Horde.
And the Ilkhanate slowly integrated into Central Asian societies as guns made their bows obsolete. They were eventually conquered by the Chinese Empire.
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Research: Mrs Scope
Animation: rbbrduck.nl
Audio: Seb. Soto
Writing and Voice Over: Avery from History Scope
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Sources
M. Favereau, The Horde, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambirdge (2021)
D. Morgan - The Decline and Fall of the Mongol Empire. JRAS, Series 3, 19, 4 (2009), pp. 427–437
J. W. Dardess (1972) From Mongol Empire to Yüan Dynasty: Changing Forms of Imperial Rule in Mongolia and Central Asia, Monumenta Serica, 30:1, 117-165
S. G. Shaw - The Mongol Empire – the First ‘gunpowder empire’? Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society / Volume 23 / Issue 03 / July 2013, pp 441 - 469
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mong...
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