Geostationary orbit, Geostationary Satellites
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km in altitude above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation.
Geostationary or geosynchronous satellites orbits the earth around the equator in a circular pattern with an angular velocity equal to that of earth.
Geostationary satellite travels in the same direction as the earth’s rotation.
Since satellite revolves in exact synchronism with the earth’s rotation, it appears fixed or stationary to an observer on earth,
satellites are called as geostationary or geosynchronous satellites.
Geostationary satellite remains apparently fixed.
i.e. satellite is continually visible from a point on earth,
Therefore no special tracking antenna and associated circuitry is required.
The fixed antenna pointed towards satellite can be used hence keeping track of a geostationary satellite is relatively easy.
The effect of Doppler shift of frequency is negligible.
Doppler shift in frequency results due to change in relative movement between source and receiver.
For a geostationary satellite, the angular velocity v, is given by
𝒗= √(𝒈/(𝒓+𝒉))
Where
𝒓 = Average radius of earth = 6731 km
𝒈 = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/sec
𝒉 = Height of satellite above ground
A solar day is defined as the time between the successive passage of the sun over a local meridian.
Earth revolves more than 360⁰ for successive passage of the sun over a point as earth itself travels a further 0.986⁰ / day around the sun.
A sidereal day is defined as the time required for earth to travel 360⁰ around its axis.
The sidereal day is less than solar day.
The sidereal is of 23 Hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds.
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