What are video formats, streams, containers & codecs? A simple video file tutorial
There are many video file formats. Those formats are also known as video container formats, because video files often contain multiple streams of data.
A video file for a film can contain for instance, a video stream, an audio stream and multiple subtitles in different languages, all of this within a single file.
The different streams a video container format can contain are:
video streams
audio streams
subtitle streams
data streams
attachment streams
A stream can also be encoded via a codec to compress its data and make the overall file size smaller. Some well known codecs are H.264 for mp4 video streams, or mp3 for audio streams, but there are many more.
Now back to our 5 stream types: video, audio, subtitle, data and attachment. Each video file can in principle contain any number of streams of different types.
The types and allowed number of each streams is however limited by the video container format. As such, the Matroska .mkv format can contain an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file. The Microsoft .wmv format on the other hand does not support any attachments streams.
Checking the streams present within a video file can be done with the ffmpeg utility ffprobe.
→ ffprobe -hide_banner input.mkv
with:
-hide_banner = Hides ffprobe banner information. Omitting this option simply gives more outputs but is not mandatory.
input.mkv = The name of the file to investigate
In our next video, we will cover how to add, remove or copy streams across videos, so stay tuned for more.
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