Complete Tutorial on Computer Systems Made Easy by Computer Education for all (Beginners to Advance)
Welcome to Computer Education for All, this video tutorial covers a Complete Tutorial on Computer Systems for Class 9th Federal Board Computer Science Subject Unit No. 1
Introduction
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
1.1 Brief History of Computer Systems and Generation
Computers
1.1.1 Early Computing Devices
Abacus
Napier's Bone
PASCALINE
STEPPED RECKONER OR LEIBNIZ WHEEL
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Tabulating Machine
Differential Analyzer
Mark I
1.1.2 Computer Generations
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1963 - 1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present to Beyond)
1.2 Understanding Systems and their Types
What is a System?
1.2.1 Natural and Artificial Systems
Databases
Software Applications
Transportation Systems
Core Components of a Computer System
Input Devices
Keyboard
POINT TO PONDER:
Mouse
Microphone
Scanner
Barcode Reader
Digital Camera
Touch Screen
1.3.2 System Unit
Motherboard
Microprocessor
1.3.3 Storage Devices
Hard Disk
Compact Disk (CD)
Memory Card
USB Flash Drive
1.3.4 Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Impact printer
FOR YOUR INFORMATION: The first high-speed printer was developed in 1953 by Remington Rand (an early American business machines
Non-Impact printer
Plotter
Speaker
1.3.5 Ports, Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards Ports
1.4 Von Neumann Architecture
Fig. 1.32 Von Neumann architecture
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Registers
MAR
MDR
AC
PC
CIR
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
Buses
processor
Data Bus
Memory Unit
Input/Output (1/0) Controller
Bus Architecture
Data Bus
Data Paths
Registers
Memory Hierarchy
Pipeline Processing
1.6 Types and Hierarchy of Computer Memory
1.6.1 Memory Terminology
Byte
Terabyte (TB)
Exabyte (EB)
Memory Word
MEMORY UNIT EQUIVALENT TO
1 Bit 1 Bit
1 Nibble 4 Bits
1 Byte 8 Bits
1 Kilobyte 1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte 1, 024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte 1, 024 Megabytes
1 Terabyte 1, 024 Gigabytes
1 Petabyte 1, 024 Terabytes
1 Exabyte 1, 024 Petabytes
1 Zettabyte 1, 024 Exabytes
1 Yottabyte 1, 024 Zettabytes
Word Size:
Magnetic Memory
DO YOU KNOW?
Magnetic disk Read/Write Head
Fig. 1.39 Magnetic disk with read/write
Optical Memory
Fig.1.40 Optical Memory technology
1.6.3 Main Memory
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Fig.1.41 ROM chip
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Cache Memory
Fig.1.43 L1, L2 and L3 Cache Memories
1.6.4 Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory
Memory, on the divided into two types: . volatile and non-volatile memory.
Volatile memory
Non-Volatile memory
1.7 Computer Software
Computer software can be classified into the following types.
• System Software
• Application Software
1.7.1 System Software
Operating System (OS):
Device Drivers:
Utilities:
Compiler and Assembler:
High-level Program Compiler Low-level Program
Linkers and Loaders:
Firmware:
1.7.2 Application Software
Some examples of application software are:
• Productivity Software
• Business Software
• Entertainment Software
• Educational Software
Productivity Software
1.1.1 Programming Languages
Low Level Languages
High-Level Languages (HLLS)
Procedural and Structured Languages
Repetition (loops):
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Uses of Low-Level Languages
Uses of High-Level Languages
Data Communication
Network Communication Components
Sender
Message
Medium
Protocol
Receiver
Protocol
Modes of Network Communication
Simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex
Synchronous and Asynchronous
Full-duplex mode
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Communication Devices
Hub
Switch
Router
Gateway
Network Architecture
Client/Server Network
Peer-to-Peer Network
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Types of Networks
Local Area Networks
Characteristics of LAN:
Wide Area Networks
Characteristics of WAN:
Virtual Private Network
Network Topologies
Features of Ring Topology
OSI Model
The seven layers of OSI model are described below.
Layer 7-Application Layer
Layer 6 - Presentation Layer
Layer 5 - Session Layer
Layer 4 - Transport Layer
Layer 3 - Network Layer
Layer 2 - Data Link Layer
Layer 1 - Physical Layer
Data Communication Protocols
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Used for internet communication and provides reliable, connection-oriented data transfer.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages and related data on the World Wide Web.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers on a network.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending email messages.
The Internet
Evolution of the Internet
Working on the Internet
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