Tympanic membrane : Head and Neck Anatomy : MBBS Lecture
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Tympanic membrane -
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The tympanic membrane, commonly known as the eardrum, is a vital structure in the auditory system. 🎥🦻 It plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the outer ear to the middle ear. Understanding its anatomy, function, and clinical significance is essential for medical students and healthcare professionals.
Anatomy of the Tympanic Membrane:
Location:
Middle Ear: The tympanic membrane forms the boundary between the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity.
Structure:
Shape: It is a thin, oval, and slightly concave membrane.
Size: Approximately 9-10 mm in diameter and about 0.1 mm thick.
Layers:
Outer Layer: Continuous with the skin of the external auditory canal, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Middle Layer: Fibrous connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility. This layer contains radial and circular collagen fibers.
Inner Layer: Lined by mucous membrane continuous with the lining of the middle ear cavity, composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.
Regions:
Pars Tensa: The larger, taut, and more rigid part of the tympanic membrane. It is responsible for most of the sound transmission. The pars tensa has a central region known as the umbo, where the malleus (one of the ossicles) attaches.
Pars Flaccida: The smaller, more flexible, and superior part of the membrane. It is less involved in sound transmission and more susceptible to pathological changes.
Landmarks:
Umbo: The central depression of the tympanic membrane where the tip of the malleus attaches.
Handle of the Malleus: A bony structure that can be seen through the tympanic membrane, extending from the umbo to the periphery.
Cone of Light: A reflection of light seen during otoscopic examination, extending anteroinferiorly from the umbo. The presence of the cone of light indicates a healthy tympanic membrane.
Function:
Sound Transmission: The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves entering the external auditory canal. These vibrations are transmitted to the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) in the middle ear, amplifying and conveying sound to the inner ear.
Protection: It acts as a barrier, protecting the middle ear from foreign objects, microorganisms, and water.
Blood Supply:
External Carotid Artery Branches: The tympanic membrane receives its blood supply from branches of the external carotid artery, including the deep auricular artery (a branch of the maxillary artery) and the posterior auricular artery.
Nerve Supply:
Sensory Innervation: The outer surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve, V3) and the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). The inner surface is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
Clinical Significance:
Otitis Media: Infection or inflammation of the middle ear can cause the tympanic membrane to appear red and bulging. This condition is common in children and can lead to hearing loss if not treated.
Tympanic Membrane Perforation: Trauma, infection, or sudden pressure changes (barotrauma) can cause perforation of the tympanic membrane, leading to pain, hearing loss, and risk of middle ear infections. Small perforations may heal spontaneously, while larger ones may require surgical repair (tympanoplasty).
Myringotomy: A surgical procedure involving a small incision in the tympanic membrane to drain fluid from the middle ear. It is often accompanied by the insertion of tympanostomy tubes to prevent fluid accumulation and recurrent otitis media.
Cholesteatoma: An abnormal, noncancerous skin growth in the middle ear that can erode the ossicles and tympanic membrane, leading to hearing loss and infections.
Mastery of tympanic membrane anatomy and its clinical relevance is crucial for specialties such as otolaryngology, audiology, and primary care. Whether preparing for FMGE, NEET PG, or USMLE, exploring the detailed anatomy and functions of the tympanic membrane enhances your clinical knowledge and skills. Let's delve into the intricacies of the tympanic membrane together! 💡
#tympanicmembraneperforation #Anatomy #MedicalEducation #FMGE #NEETPG #USMLE #Otolaryngology #Audiology #PrimaryCare #MedicalStudents #MedEd #StudyTips #MedicalExams #ExamPrep #AnatomyLearning 📚🦻
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