USSR | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_...
00:06:22 1 Name
00:09:00 2 Geography, climate and environment
00:11:23 3 History
00:12:42 3.1 Revolution and foundation
00:15:48 3.2 Unification of republics
00:18:02 3.3 Stalin era
00:24:26 3.3.1 1930s
00:27:57 3.3.2 World War II
00:32:04 3.3.3 Cold War
00:34:15 3.4 Khrushchev era
00:38:02 3.5 Era of Stagnation
00:40:01 3.6 Gorbachev era
00:45:14 3.7 Dissolution
00:50:33 3.7.1 Post-Soviet states
00:51:34 4 Foreign affairs
00:51:44 4.1 Organizations
00:56:23 4.2 Early Soviet foreign policies (1919–1939)
01:00:06 4.3 World War II era (1939–1945)
01:00:19 4.4 Cold War era (1945–1991)
01:00:32 5 Politics
01:01:03 5.1 Communist Party
01:03:42 5.2 Government
01:06:25 5.3 Separation of power and reform
01:09:21 5.4 Judicial system
01:10:04 6 Administrative divisions
01:13:03 7 Economy
01:21:05 7.1 Energy
01:23:15 7.2 Science and technology
01:25:52 7.3 Transport
01:28:03 8 Demographics
01:31:17 9 Social history
01:31:27 9.1 Women and fertility
01:32:51 9.2 Education
01:35:20 9.3 Ethnic groups
01:37:42 9.4 Health
01:40:26 9.5 Language
01:42:16 9.6 Religion
01:47:15 10 Military
01:47:24 11 Legacy
01:47:33 12 Culture
01:50:23 13 Sport
01:54:17 14 See also
01:55:03 14.1 Conflicts
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SUMMARY
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 30 December 1922 to 26 December 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR). Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) east to west across 11 time zones, and over 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. It had five climate zones: tundra, taiga, steppes, desert and mountains.
The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed by a treaty which legalized the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics that had occurred from 1918. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin committed the state's ideology to Marxism–Leninism (which he created) and constructed a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. During his rule, political paranoia fermented and the Great Purge removed Stalin's opponents within and outside of the party via arbitrary arrests and persecutions of many people, resulting in at least 600,000 deaths. In 1933, a major famine struck the country, causing the deaths of some 3 to 7 million people.Before the start of World War II, the Soviets signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, agreeing to non-aggression with Germany, after which the USSR invaded Poland on 17 September 1939. In June 1941, Germany broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union. The post-war division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the United States-led Western Bloc, known as the Cold War. Stalin died in 1953 and was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrush ...
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