Torsion Zones Demystified: What You Need to Know
So what are torsion bits? Why do they look so weird? And why are they so expensive? Are they really worth the money? Well, we’ve had a huge increase in the past few years in the power of rechargeable batteries. Modern batteries last longer, are smaller, and pack even more power than ever. Companies have jumped on this by offering more and more powerful drivers, and increasingly, offering an impact option, which if you haven’t tried it, drives screws in the blink of an eye by not only rotating the screw but striking the screw hundreds of times per minute. Screws are driven quickly and with less effort. However, In order to decide what bit you need, you need to think about the job you are doing.
It might be easier to divide tasks into two types, obviously with a blurry middle ground. First off there is “soft” screw fastening – driving shorter screws into soft timber. You are applying a moderate force which is gradually increased as more threads are engaged in the material you are driving into. The material (drywall, softwood, etc.) is soft enough that as you are finishing driving the screw the head can even dimple into the material, and you gradually taper off the force. In this case a standard bit, which is typically hardened steel, is ideal as it maximizes the life of the bit where it contacts the fastener head. A Titanium Nitride (TiN) coating may even reduce this wear further. In these cases you will probably never apply anywhere near the maximum torque of the driver, and you will get the longest life out of the bit before the tip starts to wear out.
Compare this to “hard” screw fastening. Maybe you’re driving long lag screws, very long drywall screws into knotty wood, self-tapping screws into metal, sheet metal, or metal studs, or even driving into layers of materials of differing hardness. There is a sudden peak of torque as the screw begins to bite, then another sudden peak as the screw hits the end of its travel. This is where an impact driver shines, as that hammering force and the huge peak of power in the drill can kick in to keep driving that screw. However, hardened standard bits are also more brittle, and these abrupt changes in torque increase the chance of bit breakage. The tip encounters resistance while the shank twists under the greater force applied by the driver. This twisting (or torsion) can cause breakage of a non-impact rated bit after only a few cycles, even though the tip may look perfectly fine.
So what is one to do? Well, you can use an impact-rated torsion bit. As you can see, these bits are a standard ¼” hex at the shank, then they have a dramatically tapered center section, which then increases in size back out to the standard head size. Also these bits are made of a steel which is more ductile, with additional hardening at the ends. Although the bit is then softer in an absolute measure compared to standard bits, the reduced center section and softer steel means that the bit can actually twist slightly in response to sudden increases in torque. This achieves two goals: first, the bit won’t break off and go flying, but also the bit will stay firmly slotted into the fastener, finishing the driving job without slipping (or “camming”) out. This has the added benefit of decreasing wear over the long term. Wera Impaktor bits even use fine diamond particles to increase the hold on the fastener as the tip “bites” into screw. This decreases the amount of pressure one has to put on the drill to drive the fastener (reducing operator fatigue) and also helps keep the tip firmly in the fastener – decreasing wear yet again. Witte uses tempered steel to increase the torsion effect, as well as a special machined shape to the bit end to further aid a perfect fit of the bit to the fastener. Also, if you’re working with stainless steel, many of these bit varieties are available in a stainless option to help prevent unsightly rust on your fasteners.
Torsion adapters can further amplify the torsion effect by having a specially-designed spring inside which in the case of Wera leads to a dual-torsion effect. The Felo design has three torsion zones which are sequentially triggered at three different torque values. Using a torsion bit in these drivers can increase both your productivity and the lifespan of your bits.
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