How Cells Choose X and Y Chromosomes?
Scientists have long been trying to understand how a cell chooses whether to become a mom-cell or a dad-cell. Although it was once thought to be random, experiments with mice have shown that an entire organ, like an eye, can be mostly mom-cells or mostly dad-cells. However, the exact mechanism behind this process remains a mystery.
The X chromosome is part of the system that determines whether an individual becomes male or female. If an egg inherits an X chromosome from both parents, it becomes female, whereas if it gets an X from its mother and a Y from its father, it becomes male. Despite being well-known, the X chromosome remains shrouded in mystery.
For instance, females shut down one of their X chromosomes in every cell, leaving only one active. This is a drastic step, given that the X chromosome contains over 1,000 genes. In some cells, the father’s X chromosome goes dormant, while in others, it is the mother’s X chromosome. Despite scientists knowing about this phenomenon, called X-chromosome inactivation, for over five decades, they still understand little about its rules or evolution.
In a recent study published in the journal Neuron, a team of scientists unveiled an unprecedented view of X-chromosome inactivation in the body. They discovered a remarkable complexity to the pattern in which the chromosomes were switched on and off.
Each copy of the X chromosome contains versions of genes not found on its partner. As a result, females have more genetic diversity than males, who only have a single X chromosome. Because of this, females possess a genetic complexity that scientists are only beginning to understand.
Video Editor: Team 121 Creators
Narration: Siddharth Viyyapu
Project Head: Rajkumar Shukla
Production: World Of Science Media
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