Planet Zoo's Educational Content on Domestication
Here's some educational content provided by the game Planet Zoo on Domestication, which can be found on the information of its Conservation Education Boards.
The domestication of animals and plants is one of the most important transitions in human history. Crop and livestock agriculture fundamentally changed the way humans lived and enabled new technologies.
The domestication of a species takes place over multiple generations, gradually changing its appearance and behavior. Throughout history, humans have domesticated many plant and animal species both as a source of food and for use in work and industry, drastically shaping our civilizations.
At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, changing climatic conditions made sourcing food more difficult for animals and humans, who were then living as nomadic hunter-gatherers. 21,000 years ago, human cultures across the globe began to independently cultivate grasses, rather than relying only on seasonal foraging. Because of this agricultural revolution, human populations increased and communities began to establish permanent settlements. The continual process of selecting and sowing selected wild grains changed their size and yield over millennia, and turned them into the domesticated crops we grow today.
As human settlements developed, animals began to mutually benefit from their proximity to humans, leading to behavioral changes. In hunter-gatherer times, wild animals like wolves lived commensally with humans, keeping their distance but living off byproducts like food waste. However, gradually, the wolves joined humans as companions for hunting and traveling, and their behavior and appearance changed, becoming the domesticated dog of today.
Humans also fed, protected, and managed local prey populations, such as aurochs, causing their herds to grow larger and integrate into human settlements. In this way, cattle benefitted from shelter and care while providing humans with food and textiles. However, animals that did not easily adapt to humans took longer to domesticate. Eventually, more technology and experience allowed animals such as horses and camels to be domesticated and used for transport.
As humans settled in new regions, their domesticated companions interbred with wild relatives and adapted to new environments. Thereby, thousands of specialized, local breeds of livestock emerged.
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