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HUMOR, -a, M.
1. Good-naturedly mocking attitude towards someone, something, the ability to present events, shortcomings, weaknesses, etc. in a comic way. In conversations, his mind was often seasoned with the salt of light and always good-natured humor. I. Goncharov, Frigate Pallada. Arfanov suddenly burst out laughing with an extraordinarily beautiful and infectious laugh. He loved a joke and understood humor. Korolenko, Prokhor and students.
2. The depiction in a work of fiction of some phenomena of reality in a comic, funny way, when at the same time mockery, an outwardly comic interpretation are combined with inner seriousness, a sympathetic attitude to the subject of laughter. Circus humor. Humor and satire.
What is humor
There is still no single point of view about what humor is and how it works, although humanity began to ask these questions in ancient times. Which is not surprising — people learned to laugh earlier than they learned to talk. One of the first thinkers to formulate his theory of humor was Plato. He believed that people laugh when they feel superior to others. Plato develops this idea, in particular, in the dialogue "Philebus", where his teacher Socrates utters such words: "We called everything weak ridiculous and everything strong hateful." Approximately the same views were held by Plato's disciple Aristotle.
Sigmund Freud promoted a different point of view on the nature of humor. In his work "Wit and its relation to the Unconscious," the Austrian psychologist developed the idea that humor is an attempt by consciousness to express thoughts and feelings that are usually suppressed or prohibited in society. That is, humor, according to Freud, is another kind of sublimation.
Now among scientists, the so-called theory of inconsistency, formulated by Immanuel Kant, is more popular than the ideas of Freud and the ancient Greeks. To make us laugh, a joke or a funny situation must contain some kind of paradox, a discrepancy with our expectations. According to this theory, there are two stages of the perception of humor. At the first stage, we notice a discrepancy, a paradox — the end of the joke or the denouement of the situation goes against our expectations. On the second, our brain resolves this discrepancy and correlates the end of the joke with the beginning — so we understand what the joke is, what's funny here. Some researchers add a third stage to this, at which we realize that it was a joke, and not just a "riddle" about some kind of paradox.
There is another theory about the nature of humor — the theory of "harmless violation" (benign violation theory). Scientists from the Humor Research Laboratory at the University of Colorado are working on it. According to this theory, humor is a combination of three conditions: 1) the situation is harmless; 2) the situation is a violation (including our expectations, in this sense, this theory is similar to the ideas of Kant and his followers); 3) the harmlessness of the situation and the "violation" are realized by a person at the same time. By violation, scientists understand any circumstances that go against people's ideas about the world. According to researchers, this is why we laugh at funny accents, videos of people who unexpectedly fall, and those who behave "strangely" — all this goes against our ideas about the world and at the same time does not pose a threat.
These are the four main theories about how humor works, but there is not the only correct one among them. Now the theory of inconsistency and the theory of harmless violation are more popular than others. Perhaps in the future, scientists will come up with some new theory that will be fuller and more accurate than existing ones.
Humor and the brain
Neuroscientists have found that several parts of the brain are responsible for humor at once. The frontal lobe is involved in information processing — through its work, in terms of the theories of Kant and scientists from the University of Colorado, you "understand" what the paradox of a joke is, that something in it does not meet your expectations. Then, thanks to the nucleus accumbens, you form an emotional response to a joke — pleasure or laughter. The prefrontal cortex, part of the frontal lobe, determines whether a joke deserves your attention. If yes, it makes the brain process the incoming information more actively and starts the work of the reward system, of which the nucleus accumbens is a part. Subsequently, the hormones of "pleasure" — serotonin and dopamine - are taken up, it is thanks to them that jokes improve mood.
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