1.Introduction to class and object in c++
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is to mean any kind of programming that uses a programming language with some object oriented constructs or programming in an environment where some object oriented principles are followed. At its heart, though, object oriented programming is a mindset which respects programming as a problem-solving dilemma on a grand scale which requires careful application of abstractions and subdividing problems into manageable pieces. Compared with procedural programming, a superficial examination of code written in both styles would reveal that object oriented code tends to be broken down into vast numbers of small pieces, with the hope that each piece will be trivially verifiable. OOP was one step towards the holy grail of software-re-usability, although no new term has gained widespread acceptance, which is why "OOP" is used to mean almost any modern programming distinct from systems programming, assembly programming, functional programming, or database programming. Modern programming would be better categorized as "multi-paradigm" programming, and that term is sometimes used.
Object oriented programming can be traced back to a language called Simula, and in particular Simula 67, which was popular during the 1960s. It was Simula that first instituted "classes" and "objects," leading to the term "object oriented" programming. By the early 1990s, enough experience had been gained with large OOP projects to discover some limitations. Languages such as Self, ideas like interface programming (also known as component or component-oriented programming), and methodologies such as generic programming were being developed in response to these difficulties. Although often derided by OOP purists, it was the standardization of C++ in 1998 —including generic programming facilities — that really ushered in the modern era of OOP, which we also refer to as Multi-Paradigm programming. This is largely due to the popularity of C++ and the genius of the STL demonstrating the utility of the new methodology to such a large audience.
Object
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An object is defined as any entity that can be utilized by using commands in a programming language. Object can be a variable, value, data structure or a function. In object oriented environment, object is referred to as instance of a class. Objects and classes are closely related to each other. In real world, the objects are your TV, bicycle, desk and other entities. Methods are used to access the objects of a class. All the interaction is done through the object’s methods. This is known as data encapsulation. The objects are also used for data or code hiding.
Class
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A class is a concept used in object oriented programming languages such as C++, PHP, and JAVA etc. Apart from holding data, a class is also used to hold functions. An object is an instant of a class. In case of variables, the type is the class whereas the variable is the object. The keyword “class” is used to declare a class.
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