Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Deep Dive for FPSC Computer Science Lecturer Preparation Lec 55
TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. It provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of data between applications running on hosts in a network. Here are some key features and concepts related to TCP:
Key Features of TCP:
1. **Connection-Oriented**: TCP establishes a connection between the client and server before transmitting data. This involves a three-way handshake process.
2. **Reliable Transmission**: TCP ensures that data is delivered accurately and in the same order it was sent. If any data is lost or corrupted, it is retransmitted.
3. **Flow Control**: TCP manages the rate of data transmission between sender and receiver to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver.
4. **Error Checking**: TCP includes error-checking mechanisms through checksums to ensure data integrity.
5. **Congestion Control**: TCP adjusts the rate of data transmission based on network congestion to avoid overwhelming the network.
Key Concepts:
1. **Three-Way Handshake**:
**SYN**: The client sends a synchronization packet to initiate a connection.
**SYN-ACK**: The server responds with a synchronization acknowledgment packet.
**ACK**: The client sends an acknowledgment packet to establish the connection.
2. **Segmentation**: Data is broken into smaller segments, each with a sequence number for reassembly at the destination.
3. **Acknowledgments (ACKs)**: The receiver sends acknowledgments back to the sender to confirm receipt of data.
4. **Sliding Window Protocol**: This mechanism controls the flow of data between sender and receiver, ensuring efficient and reliable transmission.
5. **Retransmission**: If an acknowledgment is not received within a certain time, TCP retransmits the data.
TCP Header Fields:
1. **Source Port**: The port number of the sender.
2. **Destination Port**: The port number of the receiver.
3. **Sequence Number**: The position of the first byte of data in this segment.
4. **Acknowledgment Number**: The next byte the sender expects to receive.
5. **Data Offset**: The size of the TCP header.
6. **Reserved**: Reserved for future use.
7. **Flags**: Control flags like SYN, ACK, FIN, etc.
8. **Window Size**: The size of the sender's receive window.
9. **Checksum**: Used for error-checking the header and data.
10. **Urgent Pointer**: Points to urgent data if the URG flag is set.
11. **Options**: Optional settings for TCP.
Common Use Cases:
1. **Web Browsing**: TCP is used for HTTP/HTTPS to ensure reliable delivery of web pages.
2. **Email**: Protocols like SMTP, IMAP, and POP use TCP for reliable transmission of emails.
3. **File Transfer**: Protocols like FTP use TCP to ensure files are transferred accurately.
TCP vs. UDP:
*TCP* is reliable, connection-oriented, and ensures data integrity.
*UDP* (User Datagram Protocol) is faster, connectionless, and does not guarantee delivery or order, making it suitable for applications like streaming or online gaming.
Summary of TCP
Understanding TCP is fundamental for network communication, as it is critical for ensuring data is transmitted accurately and efficiently across networks.
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