Mastering DevOps: From Kubernetes to Docker - Essential Tips and Tricks Part 3
S3 securely stores the Terraform state, while DynamoDB prevents conflicts. A major Terraform challenge was managing state across teams, resolved by using modules and remote state locking. AWS S3 storage classes include Standard, Intelligent-Tiering, Standard-IA, One Zone-IA, Glacier, and Glacier Deep Archive. Lifecycle policies transition or delete objects based on rules.
Load balancers (ALB, NLB, CLB) distribute traffic, improving scalability and availability. Auto Scaling Groups (ASGs) adjust instances based on demand. A simple Dockerfile for a Node.js app:
```Dockerfile
FROM node:14
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json .
RUN npm install
COPY . .
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "start"]
```
Kubernetes services expose applications: LoadBalancer for external access, NodePort for fixed port exposure, and ClusterIP for internal communication. Ingress provides advanced routing. ConfigMaps store non-confidential configuration data separately from the code.
For CI/CD in AWS, tools include CodeCommit (source control), CodeBuild (build/test), CodeDeploy/EKS (deployment), CodePipeline (orchestration), and S3 (artefact storage).
Handling high traffic in cloud environments involves Auto Scaling (adding instances), caching (CloudFront), load balancing, database optimization, and monitoring (CloudWatch). High availability strategies include deploying across multiple AZs, using Auto Scaling Groups, and setting up Multi-AZ databases.
For RDS database scaling, use Multi-AZ replication, read replicas, vertical/horizontal scaling, and monitor with CloudWatch. Cross-account S3 access involves IAM roles, bucket policies, and AWS STS.
IAM policies define permissions, while IAM roles grant temporary access to users/services. STS AssumeRole provides cross-account access. Secrets Managers (AWS Secrets Manager, HashiCorp Vault) securely store credentials.
Docker registries (Docker Hub, private registries) manage images. Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools include Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, Ansible, and Pulumi. Public networking exposes resources, while private networking restricts access.
Challenges in projects include handling sudden traffic spikes, resolved through database scaling, query optimization, and load balancing. CMD vs ENTRYPOINT in Docker: CMD provides defaults, while ENTRYPOINT ensures a fixed command execution.
Kubernetes vs Docker: Docker manages containers; Kubernetes orchestrates them. Kubernetes deployment workflow includes code commit, CI/CD pipeline, image storage, deployment, monitoring, scaling, and updates using blue-green/canary strategies.
Using Kubernetes instead of EC2: Deploy on EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service). Helm charts manage multiple microservices, and ArgoCD/Jenkins handles deployments. Namespaces isolate services, and service discovery and security policies ensure smooth communication.
To connect a bastion host to a private network, place it in a public subnet with restricted access, allowing SSH access to private instances. VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) enables isolated networking, while VPC peering connects multiple VPCs securely.
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