Shutter speed affects exposure because it determines the amount of light entering the shutter of the camera.
What is exposure? Exposure is the brightness of an image. Correct expose means that the image is not too bright, nor too dark. But, correct exposure is also subjective because it's based on what the photographer thinks it should be.
Sometimes photos are deliberately slightly underexposed for a dramatic moody effect, and sometimes the photographer chooses to slightly overexpose for a light, airy effect. In both cases, the exposures are correct because they convey the emotion the photographer felt when they captured the image.
Along with shutter speed, exposure is determined by aperture and ISO. This is known as the exposure triangle.
Aperture refers to the size of the hole in your lens (displayed as f-stops). Smaller f-stop numbers indicate the aperture is open wide, and larger f-stop numbers indicated that the size of the aperture hole is small.
ISO is the setting that makes your sensor more or less sensitive to light.
If you think about the different ways you can fill a glass with water, it's a great analogy for how shutter speed and aperture work together to create a correct exposure.
When a tap is turned wide open you can fill a glass with water fast. If your tap is turned so only a trickle comes out, it takes much longer to fill the glass.
In the same way, when the aperture of your camera is wide open, it takes less time for light to hit the sensor of your camera and create the exposure. If your aperture is closed down so only a small amount of light enters the sensor from the lens, it takes much longer to create that exposure. (To learn more about aperture, visit: https://davidmolnar.com/aperture.)
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