Chromosome Structure | Introduction | Function and Organization | Cell Biology Basics
Chromosomes are enormous DNA molecules, that can be propagated stably through countless generations of dividing cells.
We will go through the specifics of how DNA is arranged to fit into the nucleus in this cell biology video. What are chromosomes and how do they appear at various cell cycle phases?
▬ 🕘 Timestamps
00:00 - Chromosome Structure, Function and Organization
00:43 - Genes
01:44 - Cell Biology Basics
03:38 - 46 Chromosomes
04:57 - DNA
06:34 - Link to video lectures on sqadia.com
▬ 📌 Chromosome
The word “chromosome” comes from two Greek words, “chroma” means “colored,” and “soma” means body.
Hence, chromosomes are referred to as “colored bodies.” They are named so, due to the capacity of these structures to take up certain histological stains more effectively than other cell structures.
There are 46 chromosomes in human body cells. These are arranged into 23 pairs.
🔹Autosomes - 22 pairs are autosomes
🔹Sex chromosomes – 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Includes an XX in females and an XY in males.
▬ 📌 Chromosome Structure
A metaphase chromosome is an X-shaped chromosome.
A few important parts of a eukaryotic chromosome discussed in the video are:
🔵 Sister chromatids
🔵 Centromere
🔵 Telomere
🔵 p arm
🔵 q arm
▬ 📌 Types of Chromosomes
The chromosomes can be categorized morphologically, according to the position of centromere. The types of Chromosomes according to the position of the centromere are:
🔴 Acrocentric- 13th, 14th, 15th, 21st, 22nd and Y chromosomes
🔴 Metacentric- 1st, 3rd, 16th, 19th and 20th chromosomes
🔴 Submetacentric- 2nd, 4th-12th, 17th, 18th and X chromosomes
🔴 Telocentric- Not present in Humans
▬ 📌 DNA Packaging
There are certain proteins that are responsible for the compaction of chromosomal DNA into this small space of the eukaryotic nucleus. These proteins are called histones and the resulting DNA-protein complex is called chromatin.
There are two types of chromatins. These are:
☛ Heterochromatin
☛ Euchromatin
Watch the video to learn more about how DNA is contained in a confined area of a cell.
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