Around the world in 365 days
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💥 Earth history:
The history of the Earth begins in the very first seconds of its formation. It has been unfolding for nearly 4.6 billion years. Marked by mass extinctions, catastrophic episodes but also periods of stability, the Earth never ceases to evolve. The mysterious blue planet of the universe, it is the only one known today to harbor any form of human life.
4.54 billion years ago, the Earth's accretion began with the formation of the Sun. A few million years earlier, the gravitational collapse of a tiny part of a molecular cloud gave rise to our star. A disk of gas and dust forms around the young celestial body. These grains slowly coalesce to form small solid bodies, the first fruits of planets in the making - planetesimals. Under the effect of gravity, these planetesimals grow to a few kilometers in diameter, eventually forming embryonic planets and ridding the disk of its original dust. The farther from the Sun they orbit, the more massive they become, as they find more matter to agglomerate along their trajectory. After a certain distance from the Sun, planets are able to attract cloud gases composed of hydrogen and helium until they collapse in on themselves, giving rise to the gas giants we know so well: Jupiter and Saturn. As Uranus and Neptune are smaller, they don't retain their gases, but only their rock and ice cores. The planets that form closer to the Sun are known as telluric planets, and are composed of rocks and metals. They are violently collided when their orbits cross to such an extent that only four remain: Mars, Venus, Mercury and Earth. All these planets took 100 million years to form.
Theia, a protoplanet, wanders in a stable zone of the cosmos, at the same distance from the Sun as the Earth. When it reaches the size of Mars, Theia is destabilized by the gravitational influence of the other planets. Its orbit becomes chaotic, and it collides violently with the young Earth, which formed 4.52 billion years ago. The impact was so violent that Theia's iron core plunged into the Earth's core. The rest of the planet and part of the Earth's mantle were ejected into the cosmos. All these materials orbiting the Earth eventually come together to form the 22,500-kilometer Moon. The Moon stabilizes the Earth's axis of rotation and slows it down through the phenomenon of tidal friction, which explains why a day lasts only 6 hours and a year 1,434 days.
As the Earth began to cool, a solid crust formed, marking the beginning of the Archean Eon, some 4 billion years ago. It was at this time that the Earth's first oceans appeared, created by the condensation of water vapour from volcanic outgassing and perhaps supplemented by water brought by comets. These first oceans were the cradle of the first forms of life. Simple single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and archaea, began to thrive in the primordial soup, paving the way for the biological evolution that was to follow.
The Proterozoic era, which began around 2.5 billion years ago, was marked by significant changes in the Earth's atmosphere and biosphere. Oxygen levels began to rise thanks to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, leading to the great oxidation. This dramatic increase in atmospheric oxygen transformed the terrestrial environment and enabled the evolution of more complex aerobic life forms. It was at this time that the first eukaryotic cells appeared, giving rise to multicellular organisms.
The Paleozoic era, which began around 541 million years ago, marked a period of profound diversification of life forms. The relatively short Cambrian explosion saw the rapid emergence of most major animal groups. Marine life flourished, with the development of trilobites, brachiopods and the first fish. In the Ordovician period, life began to colonize the land, with the appearance of the first plants and fungi.
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