Practical introduction to python's subprocess module
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practical introduction to python's `subprocess` module
the `subprocess` module in python is a powerful tool that allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. this module is commonly used for executing shell commands and managing subprocesses.
why use `subprocess`?
**control over command execution**: you can run external commands and control their input/output.
**error handling**: capture errors and return codes from the commands.
**cross-platform compatibility**: works on different operating systems (windows, macos, linux).
**avoid shell injection**: unlike the older `os.system()`, `subprocess` provides a safer way to execute commands.
basic functions of `subprocess`
1. **`subprocess.run()`**: this is the recommended approach for most use cases. it runs a command, waits for it to complete, and then returns a `completedprocess` instance.
2. **`subprocess.popen`**: this is a more flexible way to spawn processes, allowing you to interact with them while they're running.
example 1: using `subprocess.run()`
let's start with a simple example of using `subprocess.run()` to execute a command.
#### explanation:
`['echo', 'hello, world!']`: the command to run. this is split into a list where the first element is the command and the rest are arguments.
`capture_output=true`: captures standard output and standard error.
`text=true`: returns output as strings rather than bytes.
`result.returncode`: the exit status of the command (0 indicates success).
`result.stdout`: the standard output of the command.
`result.stderr`: the standard error of the command (if any).
example 2: using `subprocess.popen`
if you need more control over the execution of the subprocess, you can use `subprocess.popen`.
#### explanation:
`subprocess.pipe`: indicates that you want to capture the output/error streams.
`process.communicate()`: waits for the process to terminate and reads ...
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